Dengue is a real consideration in Vietnam. The mosquitoes that spread it bite mainly in the day and are often found around towns and cities, so this is not only a jungle issue. Zika is also reported as a risk, which is particularly important for anyone pregnant or planning pregnancy soon after travel. Hepatitis A is commonly recommended for previously unvaccinated travellers because it spreads through contaminated food and water. Typhoid vaccination is also usually worth discussing, especially if you may eat in basic settings, travel for longer, visit friends and relatives, or spend time away from higher-standard sanitation. Check routine UK vaccines too, including tetanus-containing vaccination and MMR. Japanese encephalitis occurs across Vietnam. For most short city-and-coast holidays the risk is lower, but vaccination may be considered for stays of a month or more, repeated travel, uncertain itineraries, or rural exposure around rice fields, pigs, marshes and evening outdoor activity. Risk is year-round, with higher seasonal activity from May to October, particularly in northern areas. Malaria risk is low and limited. It is not considered a risk in large cities such as Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City, the Red River delta, Phu Quoc Island, or coastal areas north of Nha Trang. Low-risk areas include some southern and rural provinces, including Tay Ninh, Lam Dong, Dak Lak, Gia Lai and Kon Tum. Bite avoidance is still important. Tablets are usually reserved for specific higher-risk situations after assessment. Rabies is present in domestic animals. Children, runners, cyclists, long-stay travellers and people heading somewhere with poorer access to medical care should discuss pre-travel rabies vaccination.